从网上搜集长句难句解析---有助提高阅读
英语阅读难句分析之分割结构---------------------------------------
分割结构是一种修辞手段，在英语句子中，特别是在书面语中，比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开，一部分留在句子的原来位置，另一部分远离原来位置。
如：The best books are treasuries of good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and comforters. 不难看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一个整体，被用作状语的过去分词remembered and cherished分割开。常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割，定语或and定语从句与先行词的分割，主语与谓语的分割，谓语与宾语的分割。使用分割结构的目的是使语句结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，或者为了使表达的主题思想更加突出醒目，读起来更通顺流畅。分割结构的存在说明了英语在结构形式和表达方法上的生动性和灵活性，但也造成了句子结构的错综复杂。对于分割结构，只有从结构上和语意上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误，英译汉时要把原来属于一个整体部分的意义译出。
如：An unusual present was given to him for his birthday,a book on ethics.过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物——一本关于伦理道德的书。（present 和a book被分隔）
再如：After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后，这样的认识加强了，即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律，这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。（the feeling和 that从句被分隔）
此外，还有定语（或定语从句）与其中心词被分隔，某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔，动词与其宾语被分隔，介词与其宾语被分隔等。总之，英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则（应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末，从而使结构平衡匀称，以避免主语部分太长，谓语部分太短）和句尾信息焦点原则（把新信息，即语义重点放在句子末尾）。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的各部分找出来。 1. Such a viewpoint,particularly prominent in the developing countries,is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
第一层：Such a viewpoint,主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries,is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 状 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位语从句 angering the survival of mankind.
第二层：（同位语从句）that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 强调主语 of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 谓 the survival 宾 of mankind. 定
要点 本句主干为Such a viewpoint…… is reinforced by the widely-held belief；形容词短语particularly prominent in the developing countries，作为插入语修饰viewpoint，将主语和谓语分隔开来；介词短语by the widely-held belief是被动语态reinforced的行为主体；that it is……mankind是belief的同位语从句，这里还含有一个强调句式，即it is not the peaceful application……that is endangering……。
译文 这种在发展中国家显得尤为突出的观点被一种广泛持有的信念所加强，即并非和平利用核能正危害着人类的生存。
2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers,for,as the rhyme goes,Change the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
第一层：No girl 主 should marry 谓 a man 宾 whose last name has the same initial as hers,定语从句 for,as the rhyme goes,Change 状语从句 the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
第二层：（定语从句）whose 引 last name 主 has 谓 the same initial 宾 as hers 定
（状语从句）for,引 as the rhyme goes,状 Change 谓 the name 宾 but 连 not the letter,宾 marry 谓 for worse instead of better.状
要点 这是个主从复合句。for是连接词，引导状语从句。as the rhyme goes是插入语，插在for和它引导的从句之间，造成for和它引导的从句的分离，翻译时，可译成一个主谓结构。
译文 姑娘不该嫁给与自己的姓的首字母相同的人，因为正如一首童谣所说：改姓不改首字母，婚后必将受其苦。
3. Nor,if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
要点 否定词nor放在句首时，主谓倒装。is放到了主语management前。同时，if引导的条件状语从句置于nor与句子的其他成分之间，造成了句子的割裂状态。条件状语从句中as desirable…… as the writing……可视为同级比较结构。句中who引导的定语从句修饰先行词thinkers，可采用合译的方法翻译。be blamed for为固定短语，意为“因…而受指责”。in favor of ……在句中做状语。
译文 假如像学术论文反映的那样，科学家们期望看到与某种标准模式符合的规律性和一致性。那么，如果管理者们歧视研究者中的“怪杰”，而喜欢善于合作的较常规思维的人，这也是无可指责的。
4. I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life,and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
要点 本句中as perhaps Kelsey will……引导的方式状语从句放到了主句的谓语动词discovered与that引导的宾语从句之间，从而造成动宾之间的分割。as引导的从句中省略了谓语动词discover,是为了避免重复。宾语从句中主语为abandoning……and making……并列的动名词短语；谓语为bring sth with sth结构，只是因宾语过长，而把with短语提前了。
译文 我发觉，放弃那种“日夜操劳的生活”信念而选择“放慢生活的节奏”会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。凯尔西在长期经受巨大压力后，从惹人注目的《女性》杂志编辑部退出之后，恐怕她也将与我有同样的感觉。
5. Such an outcome,if it happens,could cause a political controversy;or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances,namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.
要点 这是个复合句。条件从句因为太短，置于主句的主谓之间，造成句子割裂，翻译时应将从句提到句首。namely when the……unpopular是一个状语从句，用来解释the worst possible circumstances.the EU:the European Union,欧盟。
译文 这种结果一旦产生，就可能引起政治上的争吵；在最糟糕的情况下，即在欧盟很不得人心的时候，也可能使更多的权利落到欧盟手中。
6. That fact,let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four,led by Britain,that have not joined,is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity,with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.
要点 句子的主干结构是That fact…… is likely to mean that……。with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things是“with +复合结构”形式，表示伴随状态。短语let alone……not joined置于主谓之间，造成句子割裂，翻译时应将其还原，放在最后。分词短语led by Britain和定语从句that have not joined都修饰the four.euro：欧元。multi-：前缀，表示“多…的”，如mutilateral，多边的：multiple，多个的。
译文 这一事实可能意味着欧盟将成为一个多体系的实体，其中一些国家对每一件事都表示赞同，而另一些则不尽然；更不用说以英国为首的尚未加入欧洲统一货币体系的四国和已经 加入这一体系的十一个欧元国家之间目前已存在的分歧了。
7. This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要点 该句的主干结构是This trend began during the Second World War,when……。when引导定语从句，修饰the Second World War.that the specific……detail是conclusion的同位语从句，在该从句中，主语是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定语从句。该定语从句放在其先行词 demands和of介词短语之间，造成句子的割裂。翻译时，可把被割裂的部分还原。
译文 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要点 整个of短语作observations的定语，相当于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made.因为定语太长，所以将其置于动词之后，以避免句子头重脚轻。这样就造成了句子的割裂，翻译时应将被割裂的部分还原。preschool：学前的。
译文 人们对孩子们在学前班和小学一年级开始时和结束时的情况都曾进行过观察。
9. Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要点 这是一个简单句。Whether to……situation是本句的主语，depends是谓语动词，两个upon后面是宾语。availability在句中是指“测试和信息容易得到或找到”。therefore是副词，插在depends 和upon……之间，造成它们在结构上的割裂。翻译时，可把therefore提到句首。
译文 因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者并用，须凭从有关相对效度的经验中得出的证据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要点 该句的主干结构是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all……into a woman……。preached by……magazine是过去分词短语，作the philosophy of having it all的定语，插在from……into之中，造成了句子的割裂。翻译时，可把分词短语译成一个分句，其他照原文顺序翻译。
译文 我从一个“全力以赴”的生活哲学——在过去七年里林达·凯尔西一直在《女性》杂志鼓吹这种生活方式——的积极倡导者，一改而成为随遇而安的女人。 ---------------------------------------
英语阅读难句分析之定语从句
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英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。汉语中定语只能前置，而英语中定语既可前置也可后置。两者的不同，不仅表现在结构上，也表现在意义上。英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。因此，在对语法结构、上下文逻辑关系深刻理解的前提下，为了更明确地表明这种逻辑关系，可以将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。同时值得注意的是，定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分，而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词，常常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。
因此，遇到这种结构，一定要根据上下文和常识进行判断。翻译定语从句时可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或转译等多种方法。 1. As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation;in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down,as happened in cosmology,for example.
第一层： As far as the third factor is concerned ,状语从句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 谓 many 定 instances 宾 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定语从句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 状 centuries 主 elapsed 谓 before this resistance was eventually broken down,as 状语从句2 happened in cosmology,for example.
第二层： （状语从句1） As far as 引 the third factor 主语 is 系 concerned 表语
（定语从句） in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 谓 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 状 sistance to further investigation
（状语从句2） before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 状 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology，for example 定语从句
第三层： （定语从句） as 引 happened 谓 in cosmology,状 for example. 插入语
要点 本句由两个分句构成，以分号连接。第一个分句的主干为the history of science shows many instances，in which引导的定语从句修饰instances，such ……as ……表结果，后接不定式；在第二个分句中，before 引出时间状语从句：before this resistance was eventually broken down；代词as在此是关系代词，引出定语从句：as happened in cosmology。resistance：抵抗（力）；阻力。cosmology：宇宙论，宇宙哲学。
译文 至于第三个因素，科学史中有许多事例表明，权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如，在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第一层： Behaviorists 主 suggest 谓 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 宾语从句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第二层： （宾语从句） that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定语从句
for appropriate responses will experience 谓 greater intellectual 定 development. 宾
第三层： （定语从句） who 引 is raised 谓 in an environment 状 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定语从句
propriate responses
第四层： （定语从句） where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句
第五层： （定语从句） which 引 develop 谓 his or her 定 capacity 宾 for appropriate 定 responses
要点 根据上下文的逻辑关系可以看出，本句中suggest的词义不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind,所以翻译为…的看法是。who引导的定语从句修饰child，根据上下文的语义关系，翻译成条件句；where引导的定语从句修饰 environment,用合译法译出；which引导的从句修饰stimuli,用分译法进行翻译。appropriate：适合的，相称的。
译文 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大，而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。
3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.
要点 本句为含有两个定语从句的主从复合句。主句的谓语动词suggest可接动名词作宾语。而宾语中的transform一词常用在transform sth. from …… into……结构中，译为“把…从…转变为…”。句中两个in which分别修饰其先行词industrialism，翻译时宜采用前置法。两个破折号之间的those of love and of reason为potentialities一词的同位语。
译文 我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能——即爱和理智的潜能——为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。
4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of their rank or viewpoint.
要点 本句中who……，who……，on whose……，who……四个定语从句并列，共同修饰中心词people。
译文 肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人，而不问他们的级别和观点。
5. In the soap war between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.
要点 此句结构比较复杂，但主句很简单，主语为use，谓语为is made.主句正常语序为tremendous use of statistics is made to……， to measure……作目的状语，resulting from……为现在分词短语作difference的后置定语。which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰allocation to advertising.so that引导一个结果状语从句。plus为介词，意为“加上”。soap war 为“肥皂广告大战”。
译文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever两家企业之间的“肥皂大战”中，双方就大量使用了统计学知识来测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异，这一项在前的生产成本中占较大部分，所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。
6. Smart cards,which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe,are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
要点 本句为简单复合句。句架为Smart cards， which ……， are already widely used in European countries where……。which为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，修饰smart cards；where 为关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰countries.nationwide：全国范围内的。roll out：本意为“展开（卷起之物）”，此处为引申义，指展开工作。
译文 智能卡载有的信息量是普通磁卡信息载量的80多倍，已经在欧洲各国广泛使用，因而使欧洲各国中央银行得以在全国范围展开新型的服务。
7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
要点 本句含有一个主语从句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一个定语从句with which it is interpreted.定语从句中it 指代prediction，该定语从句修饰the skill and wisdom.在翻译时主语从句用分译法，定语从句用合译法。validate：使有效；使有充分根据。
译文 预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，还取决于用来解释预测的技巧和智慧。
8. Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves with condemnations,in my delegation's opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which,after all,serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council's agendas.
要点 本句含有三个定语从句where……condemnations，which would come to grips ……和which,after all, serve only to compel……。第二个定语从句译成同位结构；第三个定语从句同上下文有明显的因果关系，译成“因为…”。overall：从头到尾；总的，全面的。
译文 因此，我们代表团认为，要纠正我们过去采取的只是满足于进行谴责的那种立场，我们必须寻求一个全面的解决方法，既能解决本质方面的问题，又能解决应对表面的问题，因为仅解决表面问题毕竟只能迫使我们一次又一次地把这个问题列入安理会的议程。
9. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
要点 本句中有两个由which引导的定语从句：第一个定语从句的先行词是science，而不是chemistry;第二个定语从句的先行词是chemical change,而不是result或matter.
译文 我们可以说，化学是论述物质化学变化的科学，通过化学变化可能获得新的物质。
10. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge,to receive with wonder anything you can catch！
要点 本句由一个主句（Time goes fast）、两个定语从句（who……和you can catch）和一个状语从句（when……）组成。you can catch前省略了that.按照先发生的事情先叙述以及条件在先结果在后的汉语习惯，翻译时应采用逆序法。
译文 对一个有美感，能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何东西的人来说，时间总是过得很快，比如当戏水池里有几个可爱的孩子，池边还有一位如黛安娜似的年轻女子时。 ------------------------------------
英语阅读难句分析之倒装句
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英语句子通常有两种语序，一种是自然语序（Natural Order），又称正装语序，另一种便是本章要介绍的倒装语序（Inverted Order）。
从形式上分，倒装有两种：全部倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）。谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作全部倒装，例如：In front of me stood a boy. （我面前站着一个男孩。）只将谓语动词的一部分（通常是助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的称作部分倒装，例如：Only in this way can we do it better. （只有这样，我们才能做得更好一些）从使用目的区分，倒装也有两种情况，即语法倒装（Grammatical Inversion）和修辞倒装（Rhetorical Inversion）。语法倒装是由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装，例如：Who called me just now？（刚才谁打给我？）修辞倒装是出于修辞的需要而把正常语序转为倒装语序，例如：Out rushed the children.（孩子们冲了出去）H·Fowler归纳倒装的原因有九种，即疑问、命令、惊叹、假设、平衡、衔接、点题（signpost）、否定和韵律（metrical）。这并不完全，还应加上强调和为使描写更加生动两种。在英语中，倒装句俯拾即是，用得非常普遍，但汉语却很少用，所以在翻译倒装句时，仍应按原文词序翻译，并照顾汉语的习惯，以保持译文句子结构流畅、匀称。本章只列举在阅读文章中常遇到的倒装现象，以使考生熟悉英语和汉语在语序上的差异。 1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life,the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him,and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第一层：Jack London 主 poured 谓 into his writings 状 all the pain 宾 of his life,定 the fierce hatred 宾 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him ,定语从句1 and 连 the conviction 宾 it had brought to him 定语从句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位语从句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .
第二层：（定语从句1）that 引 it 主 had produced 谓 in him 状
（定语从句2）it 主 had brought to 谓 him 间宾
（同位语从句）that 引 the world 主 could be made 谓 a better place 宾 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 状语从句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第三层：（状语从句）if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 谓 and 连 take 谓 the management 宾 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 状
要点 本句为倒装句。如果宾语较长或宾语结构比较复杂，往往将宾语后置，采用倒装语序，以使句子保持平衡。本句的宾语由三个并列的名词构成，且第二和第三个名词后又带有限定性定语从句，故采用倒装语序，将动词poured的宾语放在状语into his writings之后。all the pain……，the fierce hatred……和the conviction……是poured的三个并列的宾语；其中，第一个that引导的定语从句修饰hatred,it had brought to him修饰conviction,在该定语从句中其关系代词作宾语而被省略；第二个that从句则是conviction的同位语从句。
译文 杰克·伦敦在作品中倾注了他一生中所遭受过的一切痛苦，倾诉了这种痛苦在他心中产生的对资产阶级的刻骨仇恨以及由此产生的这样的信念：如果被剥削者起来反抗，从剥削者手中夺回社会管理权，那么世界就会变成一个人人有好日子过的地方。
2. Along with them goes social mobility,ambition to rise in the urban world,a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
分析：Along with them 状 goes 谓 social 定 mobility,主 ambition 主 to rise in the 定 urban world,a main factor 同位语 in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 定
要点 这是一个完全倒装句，主语是social mobility……century，谓语动词是goes.ambition to rise in the urban world 是对 social mobility的进一步说明。a main factor在意思上相当于which is a main factor in……century，修饰 ambition to ……world.本句可按原文顺序翻译。
译文 伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性，人们强烈地希望在城市里发展，这是19世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素。
3. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
要点 句中had he grown up …… 是虚拟条件中省略if的倒装结构。翻译时，要把if的含义译出。主句为并列谓语…… compensate …… ， and …… tell结构。句中how引导宾语从句。虚拟条件句为宾语从句的状语。根据汉语的表达习惯，条件状语常前置。
译文 例如，它们并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大的才干。
4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
要点 本句的基本结构是the children become so involved with their computers that……。因为把so involved with their computers 放在了句首，所以句子必须倒装。因为该句的动词是become，所以用do来帮助倒装。翻译时宜用正装语序。
译文 参加计算机夏令营的孩子们对计算机如此着迷，以至夏令营的负责人常常不得不强迫他们停下来参加体育运动或做游戏。
5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access - after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.
要点 破折号后面的部分是用来解释句子主句的，在结构上是部分倒装句，属（从句）the＋比较级……，（主句） the ＋比较级句型，这样的句子一般主谓不倒装。翻译时可用正装。universalize：使普遍化；使通用化。
译文 随着国际互联网越来越商业化，普及上网会对商家有利，因为上网的人越多，潜在的顾客数量就越多。
6. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
要点 only是加强语气的词语，位于句首时，主谓语要倒装。这样的句子一般可按原文顺序翻译。has it been ……是主句，正装应是it has been……。
译文 只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后，电视节目审查政策才有可能改变。
7. Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.
要点 这是一个主从复合句，主句是at the moment it is a favorite hair style.在让步状语从句中，作为表语的unpopular 放在 as前面位于句首，构成部分倒装。形容词＋as从句在意思上等于although……，一般翻译成“虽然…”。注意这个形容词不能放在动词后面，否则整个句子意思不同。
译文 虽然过去红色不受欢迎，眼下红色染发剂却备受青睐。
8. Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.
要点 这是一个完全倒装句，主语是seeing his daughter……divorce.翻译时可正装。
译文 他只是觉得离婚后每周只能看女儿两次让他感到孤独。
9. So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.
要点 该句的原结构是this one was so perilous that……，因为把 so perilous 放在句首，所以句子要主谓倒装。翻译时可正装。
译文 做现场惟一的保安官员，这差使还真有点危险。
10. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer''s trade - a desk,two telephones,one scrambled（改变频率使不被窃听）for outside calls,and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
要点 这是一个并列句，由and连接。第一个分句中破折号前面是一个完全倒装句，主语是 the essential tools of the intelligence officer''s trade.破折号后面的部分是用来解释trade.One scrambled for outside calls 等于one of which was scrambled for outside calls.第二个分句也是一个完全倒装句，只是在 to one side后面省去了动词stood.该句可按原文语序翻译，第二个分句中省去的动词应翻译出来。
译文 展现在我面前的是情报官员这一行的基本用具——一张写字台、两部，其中一部是变频加密外线，在我旁边是一个大型的绿色金属保险柜，其正面有一把特大号复合密码锁。 ------------------------------------
英语阅读难句分析之省略句
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英国大文豪莎士比亚在他的名著《哈姆雷特》里写过这么一句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit.（言以简洁为贵。）写文章也好，说话也好，都要求生动活泼，简单明了，因此，“简洁”乃是一篇好文章的基本要求之一。
文章要做到简洁，省略法（Ellipsis）是必用的。
英语句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明确的信息而不必出现，或前面已出现的某些成分，为了避免不必要的重复，可以不再出现而不致引起误解或歧义，这种语言现象就叫作省略。例如：Glad to see you. 这是个简单句，主语I和谓语am可以省略。再如：London is on the Themes,and Paris on the Seine. 这是一个并列复合句，后半句省略了谓语动词is，因为前面已经出现过，后面不必重复。英译汉时，为了使译文明确达意，符合汉语习惯，要在正确理解原文的基础上，对原文中省略的部分或保留或补全，或对其进行灵活处理。
有人将英语句子中的省略现象归纳为21种，本章只涉及在英语阅读中常遇到的比较复杂的省略现象。 1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing,as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第一层：The transcription 主 needs 谓 a certain amount of 定 editing,宾 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 状语从句
sounds such as write and right， it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第二层：（状语从句）as 引 even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,状语从句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 状 able 表 to do the work 宾 as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 状语从句2
第三层：（状语从句1）even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 谓 the difference 宾 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位语
（状语从句2）as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主
要点 本句中as引导原因状语从句，其中该句还带有一个由even if引导的让步状语从句；介词短语between words of similar sounds修饰difference，such as write and right修饰words，as well as……为同等比较状语从句，其中省略了与主句相同的部分。intelligent：有才智的；理解力强的。
译文 译稿需要一定量的编辑工作，因为，即使计算机能够区别同音异义词，如 write和right，它仍不可能把这项工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。
2. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle,how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space？
第一层：If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the len- 状语从句 gth of the needle,how often 状 can 谓 it 主 be expected 谓 to fall on a line 宾 and 连 how often 状 into a blank space？状
第二层：（状语从句）If 引 a needle 主 is 系 thrown 表 at random 状 on a sheet of paper 状 ruled with lines 定 whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle 定语从句
第三层：（定语从句）whose 引 distance apart 主 is 系 exactly 状 equal 表 to the length of the needle 宾
要点 这是复合句。在if引导的状语从句中，ruled with lines 是过去分词，作paper 的定语，whose……needle 是 lines 的定语从句，whose distance apart 的意思是“它们之间的间隔”。主句中and 后面是个省略句，省去了 can it be expected to fall.翻译时可将英文的被动语态译成汉语的主动语态。length：长度。rule paper with lines：在纸上划平行线。
译文 如果把一根针随机地投到一张纸上，纸上画了许多平行线，它们之间的间隔等于针的长度，那么针落在线上的几率是多少？落在空白处的几率又是多少？
3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind,is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to sing,and if he is fortunate and keeps alive,he will be forever in love.
要点 本句是由and连接在一起的并列句。前一个分句的主干是All……is……to tell the story…… - to sing. all后面有两个that引导的定语从句，第一个that从句修饰all，第二个that指代其前的that从句，翻译时可表条件。to sing放在破折号之后，用以加强语气，其后可视为省略了宾语the story of his love,to tell和to sing是并列关系。
译文 一个人应该说的或做的，只要关系到人类，那么都是以这样或那样的形式来讲述乃至讴歌自己的爱的故事；而且，如果他是幸运的、有活力的，他将永远是充满爱的。
4. As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
要点 本句位并列句，前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句，状语从句中 move away from 后为并列平行结构their ……，their……，their…… 在and后的分句中， the confidence 省略了is cut off，it指的是信息被切断的情况。
译文 随着家庭成员与他们稳定的社区、多年的老友和大家庭的亲属关系相分离，非正式的信息渠道被切断了，而那种在需要时就能得到真实可靠信息的信心也丢失了。
5. And by the help of further reasoning,which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism,you arrive at your final determination,I will not have that apple.
要点 这是复合句。主句是you arrive at your final determination.by the help of …… 是介词短语作状语，which引导的定语从句修饰reasoning.if drawn out 是省略句，用作表示条件的状语从句，完整的句子是if the reasoning can be drawn out.翻译时采用顺序法，定语从句采用分句法。syllogism：三段论；演绎推理。
译文 借助于进一步的推理，这种推理如果加以引申，还可表现为其他两三种演绎推理，你便会做出最终决定：“我不吃那个苹果了。”
6. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person,even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see,as on the telephone.
要点 这是复合句。主句中 it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person.在状语从句中as是连词，意思是“正如…一样”，as 后面省去了we have conversations.翻译时采用逆序法，把even though引导的让步状语从句放到句首。unnerving：使人不知所措；使人失去自信。
译文 即使我们适应了像打一样在互相看不见的情况下谈话，这种看不见或接触不到对方的谈话也会使人感到很不自在。
7. Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.
要点 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body.介词except引起的短语作状语。在介词短语like our own后面省略了planet.revolving为现在分词短语作定语，修饰our own planet.翻译时根据汉语习惯，将状语提前译出。
译文 事实上，除了像地球这样围绕太阳旋转的行星以外，我们不知道是否在其他类型的天体上也有适合生命存在的条件。
8. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.
要点 这是主从复合句。其主句的谓语动词是had less to do with…… than……，意为“主要与…有关，而不是与…有关”，因为句子结构比较清晰，省略了句子的并列部分，如在had less to do with the mechanization of housework and （with）an increase in leisure time省略了with；在……than it did with their own economic necessity and （ it did ）with high marriage rates省略了it did.句中that引导的定语从句修饰high marriage rates.翻译时采用融合法，把重要的部分放在句首。
译文 20世纪已婚女性走出家门参加工作人数的增加主要是因为她们自己的经济需要，还与高结婚率使可参加工作的单身女工人数减少有关，而与家务机械化、妇女空闲时间增多关系不大。
9. The European Union is an imperfect creature,with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.
要点 这是简单句。句中with some of its actions based on fine principles是独立主格结构，作状语。因为与前一部分结构相同，句子后一部分省略了（with）some （of its actions based）on poor ones括号中的词。翻译时采用顺序法，对省略部分也要进行相应省略，以使句子表达简洁。
译文 欧盟是不完善的机构，它的一些举措是基于正确的政治经济原则之上的，而另一些却远非如此。
10. To Americans,being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
要点 这是复合句，that引导宾语从句，其中capable and willing to make choices可以被看作宾语从句中的并列表语（其前省略了is）。翻译时采用顺序法。
译文 对美国人而言，依靠自己的力量就是指这个人作为整体的一部分是完全独立并能起作用的，他有能力也愿意做出选择。 ---------------------
新概念难句解析
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1. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.
解读:legends作sagas的同位语,后接被动分词短语做定语。
基本结构：主＋定＋谓＋宾＋同位。
翻译:他们保存历史的唯一方法是把历史作为英雄故事讲述--由说书者代代相传。
2.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for the spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.
解读:主谓宾+原因状语（省略句）
an insect never more than six 应该理解为昆虫只有六条腿而不是昆虫绝不多于六条腿,全句翻译如下:
翻译:谁都可以一眼就看出蜘蛛与昆虫不同,蜘蛛都是八条腿,而昆虫最多只有六条。
3. Such inns as there were dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread ofen twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.
解读:第二个分句中,simply是副词，意为“食物只有···”，而accompanied含被动意思，说明人们把陈面包和乳酪搭配着吃，并不是乳酪自己同面包相配。第二句作者把谓语省略了。
翻译：那里的小旅店通常又肮脏，跳蚤又多．吃的食物仅仅是当地产的乳酪加上存放了一年之久的面包，大家只能就着下等酒把它们吞下去．
4.The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene.
解读：这里的paradox并不是说猩猩是自相矛盾的动物，而是指人们对其捉摸不透。
翻译：大猩猩是非洲景观中有点让人捉摸不透的家伙。
5.All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago.
解读:句子是一个比较复杂的主从复合长句，应该采用分句法，逆序法来译，先将when引导的状语从句译，再译出主句。
翻译：100年前法国探险家Du Chaillu第一次向文明世界叙述过这种动物，如今这一切和其他许多事情几乎像100年前一样，仍然是个谜。
6.I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
解读:identity指的是与众不同的个性，不是指身份
翻译：假如有人认为我是一个麻烦的话，我一定会感到十分得意。至少，被人看成问题会使别人在某种程度上认识我是谁。这点正是年轻人所热衷追求的事情之一。
7.On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise.
解读：local patriotism是热爱本乡本土之心，注意不要理解成地方主义（localism）
翻译：当你在乡村的草坪上比赛时，随意分为两边，并不存在热不热爱本地区的问题，只有这个时候才有可能为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。
8.In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years.
解读：作为一个复合句，原文包含三个意思，主要应当注意几个动词的不同时态，从而分清楚三层意思之间的关系。
翻译：虽然在那些纺织工业区，母亲出去上班早已司空见惯，但是现在这种现象更为普遍，如今儿童的家庭生活中，母亲去上班已经是习以为常的事情了。因为在最近二十五年中，已婚妇女就业的人数已经增加了一倍多。
9. It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work.
翻译：现在做父亲的一般都不在家里干本行活计或者其他行当，而他的孩子们即便有可能的话，也很少能在他的工作场所见到他。
10. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.
翻译：大家都知道，假如一个人在墙壁附近或是山腰里大声呼喊，就会产生一个回音。
11. In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pigeonholes can be found for them.
解读:主要考虑"tidy"的讽刺语气。
翻译:在现代社会里，人们对开拓型的有创造力的人有一种与日俱增的厌恶情绪。受人摆布的人不理解他们，摆布别人的人害怕他们。衣冠楚楚的委员们知道不可能使他们就范，因此怀着恐惧的心理看待他们。
12. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
强调句型，put sand in the wheels v.妨碍, 捣乱
当前，是各国管理条例上的差异，而不是关税阻碍了发达国家之间的贸易。
13.As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?
So......?为直接引语的一种表述方法。
实际上，在欧洲使用安全的剃须刀不大可能使美国人触电身亡，因此，大西洋两岸的企业都在问，当一套测试可以解决问题时，为什么需要两套呢？
14.The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.
hammer out指经过不断的或艰苦的努力达到，实现；say＝for example
美国人很愿意就医疗器械的标准达成一个协议，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵盖 -- 比如说 -- 电子产品和药品的生产。
15.They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.
proceeds:某种活动的收入
他们靠掠夺附近的地区的财物过着舒适的生活。他们不仅搜刮吃的喝的，而且抢掠妇女，安逸的生活已使他们（丹麦军队）变得软弱无力。a life of ease had made them soft. 生于忧患，“死于安乐”。
16.As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.
chip:芯片
由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也只有几百美元，因此，工程技术人员可能很块就可充分发挥他们的想像力，而不会因失败而造成经济上的损失。
17.Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast.
perfect：使完美，生产出完美的...
spawing到最后为结果状语。
garage start-ups:车库起家者，戴尔？
米德预言发明者可以在办公室用一个周末的时间生产了完美的、功能很强的、按客户需求设计的芯片 -- 造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推向市场方面使美国把它的外国对手们打个措手不及。
18.As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets.
draw on 利用 rim 边缘
作为新掘起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们在习惯和语言上的优势，与关键的太平洋沿岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。 ------------------------------------------
长难句结构分析最新经典一百句
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1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消 费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
[参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
[参考译文] 不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
[参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
[参考译文] 在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
[参考译文] 它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
[参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。
11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
[参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人 会关注它。
12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
[参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一 一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。
13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
[参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
[参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他／她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招架 。
亲爱的，你慢慢飞，小心前面带刺的玫瑰；亲爱的，你张张嘴，风中花香会让人沉醉；亲爱的；你跟我飞，穿过丛林去看小溪水，亲爱的来跳个舞，爱的春天不会有天黑。我和你缠缠绵绵翩翩飞，飞越这红尘用相随，追逐你一生，爱怜无歉悔，不辜负我的柔情你的美；我和你缠缠绵绵翩翩飞，飞越这红尘用相随等到秋风劲，秋叶落成灰，能陪你一起枯萎也无悔。
15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
[参考译文] 通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。
16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.
[参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。
17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
[参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经 验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一 种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。
18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
[参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前 会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下 的讨论话题。
19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
[参考译文] 这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人 一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至 要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。
20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求， 并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的 创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些 家族公司的财富。
21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他 们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个 因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与 公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders" meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒 适"阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了 分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟 社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。
23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
[参考译文] 这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需 求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。
24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
[参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连 他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古 老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有 这样的私人关系。
25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country"s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
[参考译文] 在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这些：这个国家优秀的小学教育：欢 迎新技术的劳动者们：奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人在对 那些技术性事物的非言语的、"空间性的"思考方面的天赋。 26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".
[参考译文] 正如尤金•弗格森所指出的那样："一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成 能被清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、 非语言表述的过程宋处理的……设计者和发明者……能够在他们的脑中 装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。"
27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".
[参考译文] 罗伯特•法欧特曾经这样写到："一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、 轮子等等当中，就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把这些字母看成 自己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每种新的次序安排都传达了--种新 的思想。"
28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
[参考译文] 在最后三章中，他脱下手套，将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他 们的活动和战术，而且，对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人来 说，神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧 异。
29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
[参考译文] 在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上，史蒂芬•杰伊•古尔德写道："这本书本 身就代表理性。"而它确实是这样的--而且如果理性成为神造论／地化 论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话，一切就都好办了。
30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia"s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
[参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北 部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立 法当局。
31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.
[参考译文] 一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之 权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过 过于匆忙。但是大势已定，不可逆转。
32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.
[参考译文] 在澳大利亚--人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度，这 些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的 法律。
33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
[参考译文] 当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的传者，和没有 礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这 使得它值得被讨论一下。
34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[参考译文] 我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里： 一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹林，一些用来社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神 所喝的咖啡，一支用来定神的香烟。
35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[参考译文] 对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所 需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药 症状的出现。
36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"
[参考译文] 上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们："难道这 就是你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，但是难道 你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子们吗?"
37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column", "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."
[参考译文] "对任何一个民主社会的考验，"他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中 写到，"不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是 否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由，不管有时候这种结果是多么 的富有争议或令人不快…"
38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month"s stockholders" meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society"s ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
[参考译文] 在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说："音乐不是 社会问题的原因"，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克 斯的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。
39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
[参考译文] 有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如"轻踩刹车"以"操纵经济软着 陆"，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际 情况的了。
40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America"s, have little productive slack.
[参考译文] 经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶，因为传 统的计量方法显示两国的经济，特别是美国的经济，几乎没有生产萧条 的时候。
41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
[参考译文] 很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济 结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联 为基础的旧的经济模式。
42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[参考译文] 例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及以前 所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--这些换宋的就是这么个疾病滋生的水 库，现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,
[参考译文] 企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对 一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。这种经济还受许多其他因 素的驱动，比如结合设备和机械上的投资、新技术，以及在教育和培训 上的投资。
44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
[参考译文] 他的同事迈克尔•比尔说，有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公 司内部的重新设计，在没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力下削减了成本。
45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from S.cience and Reason" , held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.
[参考译文] 科学卫士们在会议上也表述了他们的关注，比如1995年在纽约市举行的 "逃离科学与理性"会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的"(错误) 信息时代的科学"会议。
46. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
[参考译文] 一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示，反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其 他团体身上，从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构，到鼓吹削减 基础研究经费的共和党人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。
47. The "true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
[参考译文] 环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗•厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人 是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提 出置疑的人。
48. This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America"s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation"s head counting.
[参考译文] 这种发展--以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影 响一一使得南部在全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集 的地区。
49. Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog.crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
[参考译文] 他们常常选择--现在依然这样选择--居住在那些气候较为寒冷的地 区， 比如俄勒冈、爱达荷，还有阿拉斯加，为的是逃避烟雾、犯罪， 以及"金州"(加利福尼亚)城市化进程中的其他问题。
50. As a result, California"s growth rate dropped during the 1970"s, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960"s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
[参考译文] 结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代时下降到了18．5％一 一稍高于60年代增长率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。 51. Unlike most of the world"s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth"s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
[参考译文] 跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)并不总是在由构成地球 表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现；相反，它们中有许多位于一个板 块较纵深的内部。
52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth"s interior.
[参考译文] 携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是这些板 块相对于另一些板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部 的运动。
53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continentmay break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
[参考译文] 暂缺
54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
[参考译文] 尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出 警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者 和销售者豁免责任。
55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
[参考译文] 与此同时，美国法律研究所--由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他 们的建议分量极重--发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不 必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意 一些可能会出现的危险。
56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.
[参考译文] 但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使得公司可以直接 将信息"推出"给顾客，直接把营销讯息传递给目标顾客。
57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
[参考译文] 像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon．com这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、 热情服务和安全性合理结合以销售同类商品的网址是可以吸引网上客户 注意的。
58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.
[参考译文] 有些人为了学生的就业前景为教室里放置电脑而辩，有些人为教育的彻 底改革中更为广泛的理由为教室里放置电脑而辩，这两群人之间有一条 无形的界线。
59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
[参考译文] 我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，这个公民人物如果不能 很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响， 那么其公民特征就是不完整的。
60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
[参考译文] 另外，在我们这么一个大国里，经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多 的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的
61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
[参考译文] 但是，对一个小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在 其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。
62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[参考译文] 他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令 ． 不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他 还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得•夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90 天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning". 参考译文] 在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出， 专家组已经达成广泛共识，那就是"试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的 做法在道德上是不可接受的"。
64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo"s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
[参考译文] 因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎(人类后裔在出生 前的最早阶段)用于研究或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研 究上将保持沉默。
65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
[参考译文] 如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。
66. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
[参考译文] 审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。
67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
[参考译文] 如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一 样，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的"思维与众不同的人"，喜欢其 中较为传统的"善于团队合作"的思想者而受到指责了。
68. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.
[参考译文] 当今人与人在很大程度上的平等--即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并且连子嗣的数目都一样--意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比， 印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。
69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
[参考译文] 当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。
70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.
[参考译文] 然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么--就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的--这种形式也很难被归入文学。
71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
[参考译文] 但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保 加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。
72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan"s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
[参考译文] 战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人 牺牲。
73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents". （raise one's eyebrows扬起眉毛（表示惊讶、怀疑等）There were a lot of eyebrows raised at the news of the financial minister's dismissal.财政部长被免职的消息引起众人的惊讶。）
[参考译文] 去年，当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品质"的时候，舆论哗然。
74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan"s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.
[参考译文] 随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：全国1．19亿公民，其中整整76％的人口定居城市：在这里，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。
75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least a-mong them.
[参考译文] 如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人分享；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。 76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
[参考译文] 当然，人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏 别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车--地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。
77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
[参考译文] 相反，我们被款待看到这样一些虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足：美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段的参与民主制的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。
78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.
[参考译文] 科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线：因为任何规则都有例外。然而，"业余"一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界，尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。
79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.
[参考译文] 很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显，并且可以英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。
80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[参考译文] 将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。
81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.
[参考译文] 这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊…卜发表文章就更难了，而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该种制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上，后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。
82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
[参考译文] 一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团，而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团，要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构。
83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
[参考译文] 遗憾地讲，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些十分低层次的发现，比如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误(和这些低层次发现)交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。
84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers" demands.
[参考译文] 我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也就是促成全球化进程的那方基石：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者需求。
85. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."
[参考译文] 一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展，使我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作，尽管表面上我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，通过声称"我只不过是想多和家人呆在一起" 来掩盖我的退出。
86. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
[参考译文] 或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑 一职之后一样，我已经发现，放弃那种"为生活忙碌"的人生信条并转 而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。
87. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late " 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
[参考译文] 在美国，这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的--那是在80年 代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后一一现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相： 关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约； 生活的原因就多种多样了。
88. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the" 80s, down-shifting in the mid" 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.
[参考译文] 对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90年代中期出 现的归隐恬退与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活--用有机肥种植蔬菜，并且自己放弃一切的风险--不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身；能力是有限的这一事实。
89. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it" 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman" s notorious bad taste in ties.
[参考译文] 如果你是你讲话对象中的一员，那么你就身处一种(有利)位置宋了解对你们来说都很普遍的经历和问题，而且你对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或老总臭名昭彰的领带品位进行随意评判也是合适的。
90. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy--far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone
[参考译文] 现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术——这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。
91. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least" a few decisions for them- selves-goals that pose a real challenge.
[参考译文] 但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己作出至少几个决定--这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。
92. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
[参考译文] 但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。
93. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP.
[参考译文] OECD在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每 桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每22美元，这也只会给富裕的经济体的 石油进口账单上增加GDP的0．25％到0．5％。
94. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
[参考译文] 另外一个不应因油价上涨而失眠的原因是，这次不像70年代的那些次上涨，它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。
95. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
[参考译文] 尽管它裁决并没有宪法权利来支持医生帮助下的自杀行为，最高法院实际上支持了被称为"双重效果"的医疗原则；这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个可能有两个效果的行为--一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果是被允许的，如果行为的实施者想要的 只是好的效果的话。
96. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
[参考译文] Nancy Dubler，Montehore医疗中心的主任，认为这一原则将会保护这样一些医生，他们到目前为止还强烈坚持他们不能够给病人足量的镇痛剂来控制他们的疼痛，如果这么做会加速他们的死亡的话。
97. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
[参考译文] 在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论部分是因为病人的绝望情绪，对他们来说，现代医学已经延长了死亡的身体痛苦。
98. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end--of--life care.
[参考译文] 它把对疼痛的治疗不足和盲目积极使用"有可能延长死亡时间甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的无效并且强迫性的医疗手段"视为生命临终医护的两个问题。
99. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.
[参考译文] 换句话说，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着--套约定俗成的写作模式，为新闻报道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的叙述结构。若没有这些，新闻内容就会一团混乱，让人摸不着头脑。
100. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
[参考译文] 如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目，这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，而进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的各种记者。
转自酷学论坛的某一难句解析
Because of the South Asian tsunami disaster that has killed more than 150000 people,the word assumes a solely solemn？uses ,much the way "Ground Zero",for the site of the World Trade Center, had？its meaning changed from "starting point" to？the center？ of the Sept11.,2001 tragedy.
解析：Because of the South Asian tsunami disaster that has killed more than 150000 people(that has killed more than 150000 people是disaster的定语 ),the word assumes a solely solemn？uses ,much the way "Ground Zero"，for the site of the World Trade Center（a solely solemn？uses ,much the way "Ground Zero"，for the site of the World Trade Center是use的同位语）,had？its meaning changed from "starting point" to？the center？ of the Sept11.,2001 tragedy（had？its meaning changed from "starting point" to？the center？ of the Sept11.,2001 tragedy宾语）.
主语为the word, 谓语为assumes，随后的便是宾语。其中加入一个because of的原因状语从句。大致结构划分是这样的。
翻译过来就是：由于南非海啸灾难导致15万余人丧命，这个词（tsunam）认定一种庄重的用法，如“爆心投影点”在世贸中心大厦地址上的使用，已经将其意思从“起始点”转变为“2001，911灾难”的中心点。
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